Persistent Müllerian duct syndrome: a report of 2 cases and review of the literature / 中华男科学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the etiopathogenesis, clinical manifestations, diagnosis and management of persistent Müllerian duct syndrome (PMDS).</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Two cases of PMDS were reported, one accompanied by transverse testicular ectopia and the other associated with cryptorchidism. Corporeal hysterectomy and orchidopexy were given to both the patients and cryptorchidectory the latter.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Vascular supply and texture of the testis were normal in both the 2 patients after 1.5-2 years' follow-up.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>PMDS is male pseudohermaphroditism, for which means should be taken to preserve the blood supply and fertility function of the testis in surgical management, and attention should be paid to possible development of testis tumor in follow-up.</p>

Relationship between XRCC1 polymorphisms and susceptibility to prostate cancer in men from Han, Southern China / 亚洲男科学杂志(英文版)

<p><b>AIM</b>To investigate the association among XRCC1 polymorphisms, smoking, drinking and the risk of prostate cancer (PCa) in men from Han, Southern China.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>In a case-control study of 207 patients with PCa and 235 cancer-free controls, frequency-matched by age, we genotyped three XRCC1 polymorphisms (codons 194, 280 and 399) using the polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RELP) method.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Among the three polymorphisms, we found that the XRCC1 Arg399Gln variant allele was associated with increased PCa risk (adjusted odd ratio [OR]: 1.67, 95% confident interval [CI]: 1.11-2.51), but the XRCC1 Arg194Trp variant allele had a 38% reduction in risk of PCa (adjusted OR: 0.62, 95% CI: 0.41-0.93). However, there was no significant risk of PCa associated with Arg280His polymorphism. When we evaluated the three polymorphisms together, we found that the individuals with 194Arg/Arg wild-type genotype, Arg280His and Arg399Gln variant genotypes had a significantly higher risk of PCa (adjusted OR: 4.31; 95% CI: 1.24-14.99) than those with three wild-type genotypes. In addition, we found that Arg399Gln variant genotypes had a significant risk of PCa among heavy smokers (adjusted OR: 2.04; 95% CI: 1.03-4.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>These results suggest that polymorphisms of XRCC1 appear to influence the risk of PCa and may modify risks attributable to environmental exposure.</p>

Relationship between DNA repair gene XRCC1 Arg399Gln polymorphism and susceptibility to prostate cancer in the Han population in Jiangsu and Anhui / 中华男科学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the association of XRCC1 Arg399Gln polymorphism, smoking and drinking with the risk of prostate cancer (PCa) in the population of Han nationality in Jiangsu and Anhui.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A case-control study including 207 PCa patients and 235 age-matched controls was conducted. The polymorphisms of XRCC1 Arg399Gln sites were analyzed by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) technique using genomic DNA isolated from peripheral blood lymphocytes. We compared the correlations between the susceptibility to PCa and different genotypes, and investigated the effect of smoking and drinking.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The heterozygous Arg/Gln genotype was associated with statistically significantly increased risk of PCa (OR = 1.55, 95% CI: 1.01-2.39) compared with those with Arg/Arg wild-type homozygote. An increased susceptibility to PCa was shown to be associated with the 399Gln allele (either the heterozygous Arg/Gln or the homozygous Gin/Gln genotypes, OR = 1.61, 95% CI: 1.07-2.44) , and heavy smokers (smoking index; > or =20) (OR = 1.94, 95% CI: 1.02-3.71) and superficial smokers (taking smoke into the mouth only) (OR = 2.44, 95% CI: 1.02-5.80) with 399Gln allele demonstrated a significantly increased risk in comparison with those carrying wild genotype.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>XRCC1 Arg399Gln polymorphism might contribute to the susceptibility to PCa. The Arg/Gln and Gln/Gln genotypes might increase the risk of PCa and have synergistic effect with smoking.</p>

Antisperm-antibodies induced by testicular torsion and its influence on testicular function / 中华男科学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the changes of antisperm antibodies (AsAb), sexual hormones, and inhibin B (INH B) in patients before and after testicular torsion, as well as the effects of these factors on testicular function and reproduction.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Ten patients with single acute testicular torsion (left side 9 and right side 1), aged 16-45 years (19.6 on average), disease course of 3-6 days (averaging 4.7 days), underwent surgical removal of the damaged testis. Before and after the operation, serum AsAb (IgG, IgM, IgA) and INH B were measured by ELISA, and serum follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteotropic hormone (LH), and testosterone (T) determined by chemoluminescence autoanalyzer.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>After the operation, the AsAb levels rose significantly and remained high for at least 26 weeks. The level of INH B was the lowest in the 3rd week and restored to normal in the 12th week, with significant difference between preoperation and the 3rd or the 6th week after the operation. The levels of LH and INH B in the 26th week were elevated significantly compared with the 6th.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Testicular injury induced the elevation of AsAb, which would last a very long time. The change of INH B was closely related with the injury of the testis, which reflected the degree of testicular injury and functional restoration of the patients after the operation. Our study showed that AsAb and INH B can be used as useful tools for monitoring testicular function and reproduction.</p>

Correlation of epididymal protease inhibitor Eppin and Semenogelin on human ejaculated spermatozoa / 中华男科学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To evaluate the correlation of epididymal protease inhibitor(Eppin) and Semenogelin(Sg) on human ejaculated spermatozoa.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The experimental approaches include: (1) Immunoprecipitation of Eppin with anti-Eppin from semen; (2) Colocalization of Eppin and Sg by immunofluorescence; (3) Immunoprecipitation of rEppin and rSg;(4) Far-Western blotting of rEppin and rSg;(5) Competition of saturated 125I-rSg binding to rEppin with unlabeled Sg, and direct binding of 125I-rSg to rEppin on a blot; (6) Autoradiography of 125I-rSg with rEppin.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Eppin-Sg complex present on the surface of human ejaculated spermatozoa, Cys-239 is the only cystein for rEppin binding rSg. Reduction and carboxymethylation of Cys-239 blocks binding of 125I-rEppin to rSg.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Our study demonstrates that Eppin and Sg bind to each other on human ejaculated spermatozoa. A disulfide linkage occurs between Sg and Eppin, indicating the specificity of binding.</p>

Increased expressions of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), VEGF-C and VEGF receptor-3 in prostate cancer tissue are associated with tumor progression / 亚洲男科学杂志(英文版)

<p><b>AIM</b>To investigate the differences in microvessel densities (MVD) and the expressions of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), VEGF-C and VEGF receptor-3 (VEGFR-3) between prostate cancer (PCa) tissues and adjacent benign tissues, and to explore the correlations among MVD, Jewett-Whitmore staging, Gleason scores and expressions of VEGF, VEGF-C and VEGFR-3 in the progression of PCa.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>An immunohistochemical approach was adopted to detect the expressions of CD34, VEGF, VEGF-C and VEGFR-3 in both cancer areas and peripheral benign areas of 71 primary prostatic adenocarcinoma specimens. A statistic analysis was then performed according to the experimental and clinic data.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Significantly upregulated expressions of VEGF, VEGF-C and VEGFR-3 were all found in malignant epithelium/cancer cells compared with adjacent benign epithelium (P<0.01). Patients in stage D had a significantly higher score than patients in stage A, B or C when comparing the expression of VEGF-C or VEGFR-3 in the tumor area (P<0.01). In addition, significant correlations were observed between Jewett-Whitmore staging and VEGF-C (r(s)=0.738, P<0.01), clinical staging and VEGFR-3 (r(s)=0.410, P<0.01), VEGF-C and Gleason scores (r(s)=0.401, P<0.01), VEGFR-3 and Gleason scores (r(s)=0.581, P<0.001) and MVD and VEGF (r(s)=0.492, P<0.001).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Increased expressions of VEGF and VEGF-C were closely associated with progression of PCa. The main contribution of increased VEGF expression for PCa progression was to upregulate MVD, which maintained the growth advantage of tumor tissue. However, the chief role of increased expressions of VEGF-C and VEGFR-3 was to enhance lymphangiogenesis and provide a main pathway for cancer cells to disseminate.</p>

Clinical features & diagnostic and therapeutic strategies of congenital absence of the vas deferens / 中华男科学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the clinical characteristics, diagnosis and therapeutic strategies of congenital absence of the vas deferens (CAVD).</p><p><b>METHODS</b>We summarized the clinical data of 81 cases of CAVD and investigated clinical features, diagnosis and management of the disease.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Seventy-nine cases of infertility were diagnosed as CAVD at the clinic, and 2 were diagnosed during surgical exploration. The population consisted of 40 cases of congenital bilateral absence of the vas deferens (CBAVD), 25 cases of congenital unilateral absence of the vas deferens (CUAVD), and 16 cases of segmental agenesis of the vas deferens. Seventy-four spouses received the treatment of assisted reproductive techniques, including intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) in 12 cases, and 4 of them achieved pregnancy.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>CAVD frequently presents with infertility. CBAVD may manifest as obstructive azoospermia, and CUAVD and segmental vasal agenesis as oligospermia, asthenospermia, or obstructive azoospermia. CAVD is usually not difficult to diagnose, but may be missed due to careless examination. Assisted reproductive technology (ART) plays a key role in the management of CAVD.</p>

The diagnosis and treatment of acute prostatitis: report of 35 cases / 中华男科学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the diagnosis and treatment of acute prostatitis.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The data of 35 cases of acute prostatitis who were admitted from January 2001 to March 2004 were reviewed. The main clinical manifestations were chills, fever, frequency, urgency and dysuria. All patients were treated with antibiotics and supportive measures. Two patients underwent surgical drainage for prostate abscess. Three patients were indwelled catheter for acute urinary retention.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>All patients'temperatures returned to normal within 3 to 5 days. Blood and urine routine tests, urine culture and transurethral ultrasound examination results returned to normal 2 weeks later. Q maximal urinary flow rate improved in patients with dysuria.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>After diagnosis of acute prostatitis, full-dose of sensitive antibiotics should be given to all patients for some time as early as possible. At the same time, supportive therapy may be important to some patients. Surgical drainage should be used for patients with prostate abscess.</p>

High intensity focused ultrasound combined with endocrine therapy in treating prostate cancer / 中华男科学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To evaluate the clinical efficacy of high intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) combined with endocrine therapy in the treatment of patients with prostate cancer.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Twenty patients with prostate cancer were treated with extracorporeal HIFU device( model FEP-BY01 ) and androgen ablation, of whom 15 received orchiectomy and 5 LHRH-a. Fourteen patients of the total number were given flutamide in addition to castration.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The mean follow-up was 13.5 months (ranging 6 to approximately 30). Before and after the treatment, the prostate volume, prostate specific antigen (PSA), international prostate symptom score (IPSS) and maximal flow rate (Qmax) of the patients were (36.4 +/- 16.2) ml and (20.6 +/- 11.8) ml (P < 0.05), (32.2 +/- 10.4) ng/ml and (2.4 +/- 0.8) ng/ml (P < 0.01), 20. 5 +/- 6.5 and 13.6 +/- 7.5 (P < 0.05), (10.6 +/- 6.3) ml/s and (14.2 +/- 4.6) ml/s (P < 0.05), respectively. Mild hematuria and pain were noted in 5 and 8 patients respectively, and 1 patient underwent internal urethrotomy with a cold knife because of urethral stricture. er, with minimal complications.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>HIFU combined with endocrine therapy is effective in the treatment of prostate canc-</p>

A case-control study on JWA promoter -76G-->C polymorphism and the susceptibility of bladder cancer / 中华医学遗传学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>This case-control study was aimed to detect the single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in JWA promoter region, to assess the effect of SNP on transcriptional activity, and to probe the relationship between SNP and the risk of bladder cancer.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The design of one control per case was adopted. The JWA gene promoter region in 155 patients with bladder cancer and in 155 cancer-free controls was amplified by PCR-SSCP technique, and the SNP were confirmed by direct DNA sequencing. The recombinant plasmids of JWA promoter fragment which contain the SNP were constructed as CAT reporter gene and were transfected transiently into NIH 3T3 cells for disclosing whether SNP changes the transcriptional activity of the promoter.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>A novel SNP -76 G-->C at promoter region of JWA gene was found. The frequencies of the C allele and GC genotype at JWA promoter -76G-->C in bladder cancer group (10.00% and 20.00% respectively) were significantly higher than those in control group (5.16% and 10.32% respectively) (P < 0.05). The transcriptional activity of -76GC allele genotype was significantly down-regulated as compared with that of -76GG allele genotype (P < 0.01). Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that JWA polymorphism at promoter -76G-->C is an independent novel risk factor for bladder cancer.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The JWA -76G-->C variant genotype may play an important role in transcription regulation of JWA gene and in the susceptibility to bladder cancer.</p>

Congenital agenesis of seminal vesicle / 亚洲男科学杂志(英文版)

Congenital agenesis of the seminal vesicle (CASV) is frequently associated with congenital absence of the vas deferens (CAVD) or ipsilateral congenital vasoureteral communication. We reported two cases of a rare condition that the vas deferens open ectopically into Mullerian duct cyst associated with agenesis of the ipsilateral seminal vesicle. The diagnosis was confirmed by vasography. Transurethral unroofing of the Mullerian duct cyst was performed in both patients with favourable results, however, assisted reproductive technology (ART) was still necessary for them to father children.

Anemia in patients on combined androgen block therapy for prostate cancer / 亚洲男科学杂志(英文版)

<p><b>AIM</b>To study the effect of combined androgen block therapy on hemoglobin and hematocrit values in patients with prostate cancer.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>One hundred and thirty-six patients with adenocarcinoma of prostate were treated with combined androgen block (orchiectomy and flutamide 250 mg, tid). Complete blood counts were determined before and after 1, 2, 3, 6, 9 and 12 months of therapy.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The hemoglobin and hematocrit levels declined significantly in all patients and at all the time points after treatment (P<0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Prostate cancer patients treated with combined androgen block would develop obvious anemia. Recombinant human erythropoietin can be used to treat patients with severe anemia.</p>

Treatment of long-segment urethral stricture by free internal prepuce lamina patch urethroplasty / 中华男科学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the effect of free internal prepuce lamina patch urethroplasty on long-segment urethral stricture.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Eight patients of long-segment urethral stricture underwent resection of atresia posterior urethra and/or incision of stricture anterior urethra, free internal prepuce lamina patch as of corresponding length and width were taken for the reconstruction of the urethra, and mean while multi-hole silica ge tract was placed in the urethra.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Miction was easy and fluent in 7 cases, and unobstructed in 1 case after two urethral soundings.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Free internal prepuce lamina patch urethroplasty was a good method for treating long-segment urethral stricture.</p>

The effect of the period of cryopreservative storage on the cryosurvival of human spermatozoa / 中华男科学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVES</b>To study the effect of cryopreservative period on the cryosurvival of human spermatozoa and find out the optimal recovery time of cryopreservation.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Eighty-eight semen samples were collected from normal donors and divided randomly into 5 groups according to the period of cryopreservative storage (1 d, 7 d, 30 d, 180 d, 300 d) in liquid nitrogen after being frozen by the programized, three-step freezing method. Fresh and frozen-thawed semen were examined by the routine analysis of semen and then the sperm recovery rate were calculated.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>There were no significant differences in sperm recovery rate between group I and the others (P > 0.05). The period of cryopreservative storage in liquid nitrogen had no correlation with the cryosurvival of human spermatozoa (r = 0.05, P > 0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>It was indicated that freezing-thawing after 24 h would be helpful to the screening of semen donors in batches for donor insemination of human sperm bank.</p>

New progress on diagnosis and treatment of female sexual dysfunction / 中华男科学杂志

Female sexual dysfunction(FSD) is an age-related progressive disease and may affect up to half of adult women. It has not been paid attention to for a long time. This paper reviews the current information on the anatomy, physiology and pathophysiology of FSD. In addition the diagnosis and treatment of FSD are also described. It aims at improving the knowledge of FSD.

Tamsulosin in the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia patients with acute urinary retention / 中华男科学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To evaluate the clinical efficacy of alpha-1 A adrenoceptor antagonist (tamsulosin) in the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) patients with acute urinary retention.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Seventy-two BPH patients with acute retention of urine were randomly divided into treatment group and control group of 36 patients each. All the patients were treated with indwelling catheter, oral antibiotics and the patients in treatment group tamsulosin 0.4 mg once a day for 3 days. The catheter was removed after 72 hours of treatment.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>After removal of the catheter, 44% (32/72) of patients voided successfully. The effect rates were 61% (22/36) in the tamsulosin treatment group and 28% (10/36) in the control group(P < 0.01).</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Treatment with tamsulosin was effective in raising the success rate of voiding without catheter after an episode of acute urinary retention. The efficacy of treatment was not influenced by the volume of prostate.</p>

Effect of transrectal prostatic biopsy on serum prostate specific antigen levels / 中华男科学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVES</b>To assess the effect of transrectal prostatic biopsy (TPB) on the concentrations of serum prostate specific antigen (PSA).</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Twenty patients with abnormal PSA levels and/or digital rectal examination (DRE) underwent TPB. Serum PSA levels were measured before TPB and at 0.5 h, 1 week, 1 month after TPB, respectively.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The serum PSA levels before TPB and 0.5 h, 1 week, 1 month after TPB were (12.23 +/- 8.62), (34.90 +/- 41.53), (23.59 +/- 20.78) and (11.31 +/- 6.95) micrograms/L, respectively. The serum PSA concentration was significantly higher at 0.5 h after TPB than before (P < 0.05), and then gradually decreased. PSA levels remained higher for at least 1 week in 85% (17/20) patients(P < 0.05), then returned to the baseline at one month after TPB (P > 0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>TPB can lead to a dramatic increase of PSA in serum and keep the PSA value high in one week. Then the PSA in serum decreased gradully. Serum PSA level cannot return to baseline until one month after TPB.</p>